The cardinal flower is a short lived native perennial named for its scarlet red flowers. The spike-like flowers open from the bottom to the top and persist for several weeks from late summer to early fall. Although the parent plants only live for a few years, they easily self seed and are fast growers. 
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Growth Habits & Characteristics
•Type: Herbaceous perennial
•Height: Typically 2 to 4 feet tall
•Spread: Clump-forming, with a naturally arching habit
•Light Requirements: Thrives in full sun to partial shade; however, in hotter regions, some afternoon shade is beneficial
•Soil Preferences: Prefers moist, rich, well-drained soils; commonly found along stream banks, in wetlands, or in garden settings with consistent moisture
•Bloom Time: Summer, with peak flowering typically in mid to late summer
•Foliage: Lance-shaped, dark green leaves that provide a pleasing backdrop to the vivid blooms. This flower produces a compound known as lobeline which deters herbivores, making it deer resistant.
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Host Insects & Pollinators
While cardinal flower is best known for attracting hummingbirds with its nectar-rich blooms, it also supports a variety of insect visitors:
•Bees: Native bees are drawn to the abundant nectar, helping to pollinate the flowers
•Butterflies: Several butterfly species visit the blooms for nectar, contributing to garden biodiversity
•Other Insects: Occasional visits by other nectar-feeding insects help in pollination, though the plant is not typically known as a primary larval host
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Companion Plants
Cardinal flower pairs beautifully with other moisture-loving native species, creating a layered and ecologically diverse garden:
•Joe Pye Weed (Eutrochium purpureum): Adds height and additional nectar sources for pollinators
•Swamp Milkweed (Asclepias incarnata): Provides another option for attracting butterflies and supports a native wetland garden theme
•Wild Columbine (Aquilegia canadensis): Its unique, nodding flowers contrast nicely with the upright form of cardinal flower
•Native Grasses: Such as little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium) help create texture and movement, rounding out the garden design